This self-assessment has 27 questions and requires a minimum passing score of 70% to claim CME. You will have unlimited attempts to achieve a passing score.

This learning activity meets the self-assessment criteria of the Part II: Life-long Learning and Self-Assessment component as part of the ABPM&R's Maintenance of Certification^©program.

Partial support of this activity has been provided through an educational grant from Boston Scientific in compliance with ACCME Guidelines.

Learning Objectives
After completing this enduring material, the participant should be able to:

• Recognize appropriate clinical management strategies and apply these techniques and knowledge into their practice.
• Assess the current state of their knowledge specific to the activity topic and identify knowledge gaps in which additional study is needed.
• Develop a strategy to closing the identified knowledge gaps using resources provided as references within the activity.

• Gupta A, Huettner DP, Dukewich M. Comparative Effectiveness Review of Cooled vs Pulsed Radiofrequency Ablation for the Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review. Pain Physician 2017;20:155-171.
• Kaufman A, Dixon S, Iannaccone F. Review of Long-Term Pain Relief after Genicular Nerve Radiofrequency Ablation in Chronic Knee Osteoarthritis. Pain Physician. 2017;20;E437-E444A .
• Erdem Y, Sir E. The efficacy of ultrasound-guided pulsed radiofrequency of genicular nerves in the treatment of chronic knee pain due to severe degenerative disease or previousl total knee arthroplasty. Med Sci Monit, 2019; 25:1857-63.
• Kidd VD, Strum SR, Strum DS, Shah J. Genicular Nerve Radiofrequency Ablation for Painful Knee Arthritis: The Why and the How. JBJS Essent Surg Tech. 2019;9(1):e10. Published 2019 Mar 13. doi:10.2106/JBJS.ST.18.00016.
• Verrilus P, Sinclair C, Barnard A. A review of spinal cord stimulation systems for chronic pain. J Pain Res. 2016; 9:481-492. doi: 10.2147/JPR.S108884.
• Stout A, Friedly J, Standaert CJ. Systemic Absorption and Side Effects of Locally Injected Glucocorticoids. PM&R 2019 Apr; 11(4):409-419. doi: 10.1002/pmrj.12042. Epub 2019 Mar 29.
• Lai LP, Stitik TP et. al. Use of Platelet‐Rich Plasma in Intra‐Articular Knee Injections for Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review. PM&R 2015 June; 7(6):637-648. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmrj.2015.02.003.
• Dones I, Levi V. Spinal Cord Stimulation for Neuropathic Pain: Current Trends and Future Applications. Brain Sci. 2018;8(8):138. Published 2018 Jul 24. doi:10.3390/brainsci8080138.
• Harrison C, Epton S, Bojanic S, et. al. The Efficacy and Safety of Dorsal Root Ganglion Stimulation as a Treatment for Neuropathic Pain: A Literature Review. Neuromodulation. 2018 Apr;21(3):225-233. doi: 10.1111/ner.12685. Epub 2017 Sep 28.
• Leggett LE, Soril LJ, Lorenzetti DL, et al. Radiofrequency ablation for chronic low back pain: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Pain Res Manag. 2014;19(5):e146–e153. doi:10.1155/2014/83436
• Deer TR, Pope JE, Hanes MC, McDowell GC. Intrathecal Therapy for Chronic Pain: A Review of Morphine and Ziconotide as Firstline Options. Pain Med. 2019 Apr 1;20(4):784-798. doi: 10.1093/pm/pny132.
• Rathmell JP, Benzon HT, Dreyfuss P, et al. Safeguards to Prevent Neurologic Complications after Epidural Steroid Injections: Consensus Opinions from a Multidisciplinary Working Group and National Organizations. Anesthesiolosy. 2015 May; 122: 974-984.
• Ellwood S, Shupper P, Kaufman A. A Retrospective Review of Spinal Radiofrequency Neurotomy Procedures in Patients with Metallic Posterior Spinal Instrumentation – Is it Safe? Pain Physician 2018 Sep; 21(5):E477-E482.

Accreditation Statement
AAPM&R is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME) to provide continuing medical education for physicians.

CME Credit Designation
AAPM&R designates this enduring material for a maximum of 8.00 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™. Physicians should claim only the credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity.

Faculty and their Disclosures
All faculty, planners and reviewers participating in continuing medical education programs must disclose to the learner any financial interests with any commercial supporter or other relationships with manufacturer(s) or providers of any product or service related to content of their presentation. For this activity, all self-assessment questions were developed and peer-reviewed to ensure quality and independence by the Self-Assessment Committee, under the oversight of the chair and the Medical Education Committee.  Their disclosures are provided below.  Disclosures from the article authors can be found in the article PDFs.

Prinicpal Faculty/Self-Assessment Committee Members:
Atul T. Patel, MD, MHSA, Chair
Speaker's Bureau for Allergan, Ipsen, Merz; participates in clinical trials for Ipsen, Merz, and Revance; Guideline and AUC Committee for the AAOS, nonremunerative position of influence.

Hans L. Carlson
Consultant, Standard Insurance

Carol Y. Crooks, MD
Disclosed no relevant financial relationships.

Colby Hansen, MD
Consultant for CSRA International, Inc.

Prathap Jacob Joseph, MD
Disclosed no relevant financial relationships.

Robert A. Lavin, MD
Disclosed no relevant financial relationships.

Nathan P. Olafsen, MD
Disclosed no relevant financial relationships.

Marilyn S. Pacheco, MD
Disclosed no relevant financial relationships.

Virtaj Singh, MD
Disclosed no relevant financial relationships.

Mark E. Tornero, MD
Disclosed no relevant financial relationships.

AAPM&R Medical Education Committee:
Steve R. Flanagan, MD, Chair
Royalties from Springer Publishing; research grant from Brain Injury of America

John C. Cianca, MD, Vice Chair
Independent contractor, Houston Marathon Committee; owner, Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Consultants, LLC; consultant, 2nd MD; royalties from Demos Medical Publishing

Karen P. Barr, MD
Disclosed no relevant financial relationships.

Anna-Christina Bevelaqua, MD
Disclosed no relevant financial relationships.

Rachel A. Brakke Holman, MD
Disclosed no relevant financial relationships.

Joseph E. Burris, MD
Serves on the Speakers Bureau for, and received clinical research grants from Allergan.

Kevin N. Hakimi, MD
Disclosed no relevant financial relationships.

Rita G. Hamilton, DO
Disclosed no relevant financial relationships.

Charles D. Kenyon, DO (PHiT Liaison)
Disclosed no relevant financial relationships.

R. Sam Mayer, MD
Royalties from Demos Medical Publishing.

Atul T. Patel, MD, MHSA
Speakers Bureau for Allergan, Ipsen, Merz; participates in clinical trials for Ipsen, Merz, and Revance; Guideline and AUC Committee for the AAOS, nonremunerative position of influence.

Sunil Sabharwal, MD
Royalities from Demos Publishing; board member, American Board of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation.

G. Sunny Sharma, MD (PHiT Liaison)
Disclosed no relevant financial relationships.

Rebecca DeVivo, MPH, MSW, CHCP
Staff Liaison
Disclosed no relevant financial relationships.

Brian S. Thompson, MBA, FACEHP
Staff Liaison
Disclosed no relevant financial relationships.

No other planners, faculty or other individuals in control of content disclosed any relevant financial relationships.