Description
This self-assessment has 21 questions and requires a minimum passing score of 70% to claim CME. You will have unlimited attempts to achieve a passing score.
This learning activity meets the self-assessment criteria of the Part II: Life-long Learning and Self-Assessment component as part of the ABPM&R's Continuing Certification.
Learning Objectives
After completing this enduring material, the participant should be able to:
- Recognize appropriate clinical management strategies and apply these techniques and knowledge into their practice.
- Assess the current state of their knowledge specific to the activity topic and identify knowledge gaps in which additional study is needed.
- Develop a strategy to closing the identified knowledge gaps using resources provided as references within the activity.
Accreditation Statement
The American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (AAPM&R) is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME) to provide continuing medical education for physicians.
CME Credit Designation
The American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (AAPM&R) designates this enduring material for a maximum of 8 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™. Physicians should claim only the credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity.
Disclosure Statement
In accordance with ACCME’s Standards for Integrity and Independence in Accredited Continuing Education, AAPM&R requires all individuals who are in a position to affect the strategic direction of AAPM&R and/or control the content of an educational activity to disclose all financial relationships with any ineligible company within the last 24 months. The ACCME defines an “ineligible company” as any entity whose primary business is producing, marketing, selling, re-selling, or distributing healthcare products used by or on patients.
Disclosures are made in written form prior to the start of the educational activity, and any potential conflicts of interest that exist are mitigated prior to the start of the activity through AAPM&R’s Conflict of Interest Disclosure and Resolution Policy Process. Individuals in a position to affect the strategic direction of AAPM&R and/or control content and their disclosed financial relationships are listed below.
No other planners, faculty, or individuals in control of content disclosed any relevant financial relationships.
Principle Faculty
Self-Assessment Committee
Sarah M. Eickmeyer, MD: Disclosed no relevant financial relationships.
Nicholas W. Freedman, DO: Disclosed no relevant financial relationships.
Pierre Galea, MD: Disclosed no relevant financial relationships.
Daniel A. Goodman, MD: Disclosed no relevant financial relationships.
Marika Lazo Greiff, MD: Disclosed no relevant financial relationships.
Kimberly C. Hartman, MD: Disclosed no relevant financial relationships.
Donna S. Huang, MD: Disclosed no relevant financial relationships.
Didem Inanoglu, MD: Is a part-time life care planner and provides expert testimony for PLCP
Susan J. Kim, DO: Disclosed no relevant financial relationships.
Chaitanya R. Konda, DO: Disclosed no relevant financial relationships.
Sri Ranjini Muthukrishnan, MD: Disclosed no relevant financial relationships.
Andrew J. Patton, DO: Disclosed no relevant financial relationships.
Nicole L. Pontee, MD, MS: Disclosed no relevant financial relationships.
Anjum Sayyad, MD: Disclosed no relevant financial relationships.
Amanda Wise, DO: Disclosed no relevant financial relationships.
MEC Disclosures
Rachel A. Brakke Holman, MD, Chair: Nothing to Disclose
Sarah M. Eickmeyer, MD: Nothing to Disclose
Chelsea D. Frost, MD, MS: Nothing to Disclose
David J. Haustein, MD, MBA: PM Consulting, Expert Medical Consulting: Ownership or Partnership; Greene County Medical Society Executive Council, Missouri State Medical Foundation Board: Non-remunerative Positions of Influence
Sarah K. Hwang, MD: Nothing to Disclose
Ravi E. Kasi, MD: Nothing to Disclose
Caroline Pupke, DO: Nothing to Disclose
Monica E. Rho, MD: Nothing to Disclose
McCasey R. Smith, MD: Nothing to Disclose
Jennifer A. Soo Hoo, MD: Nothing to Disclose
Brionn K. Tonkin, MD: Nothing to Disclose
Stephanie Tow, MD: Nothing to Disclose
Justin L. Weppner, DO: Nothing to Disclose
Alexandra G. Wolfe, DO: Nothing to Disclose
Content Reviewers
Aditya Raghunandan, MD: Nothing to Disclose
Jeremy Roberts, MD: Nothing to Disclose
PM&R KnowledgeNOW citations
David Alfaro, MD, Brandon Agundez, MD, Nashra Javed, MD, Ibe Gospel, BA, Bryson Reed, BS, Sara Flores, MD. Sports Medicine Disorders of the Hip: Anterior-Medial. PM&R Knowledge now. Originally published: September 16, 2015 Last updated: January 22, 2026
https://now.aapmr.org/sports-medicine-disorders-of-the-hip-anterior-medial/Nathan Robert Badillo, DO, Justin Sup Hong, MD. SI Joint Pain. PM&R Knowledge now. Originally published: December 9, 2011 Last updated: November 21, 2024.
https://now.aapmr.org/si-joint-pain/ToQuynh Thuy Vu, DO, Justin S. Hong, MD. Role of Manual Therapies in Musculoskeletal Disorders. PM&R Knowledge now. Originally published: November 11, 2011 Last updated: July 3, 2024
https://now.aapmr.org/role-of-manual-therapies-in-musculoskeletal-disorders/
Sacroiliac Joint Hypermobility Biomechanics and What it Means for Health Care Providers and Patients
Enix DE, Mayer JM. Sacroiliac Joint Hypermobility Biomechanics and What it Means for Health Care Providers and Patients. PM R. 2019 Aug;11 Suppl 1:S32-S39. doi: 10.1002/pmrj.12176. Epub 2019 Jul 19. PMID: 31025539.
Treatment of Idiopathic Posterior Pelvic Girdle Pain Utilizing a Global Movement Assessment
Geraci MC, Creighton A. Treatment of Idiopathic Posterior Pelvic Girdle Pain Utilizing a Global Movement Assessment. PM R. 2019 Aug;11 Suppl 1:S83-S92. doi: 10.1002/pmrj.12181. Epub 2019 Jul 12. PMID: 31059597.
Building a Collaborative Model of Sacroiliac Joint Dysfunction and Pelvic Girdle Pain to Understand the Diverse Perspectives of Experts
Hodges PW, Cholewicki J, Popovich JM Jr, Lee AS, Aminpour P, Gray SA, Cibulka MT, Cusi M, Degenhardt BF, Fryer G, Gutke A, Kennedy DJ, Laslett M, Lee D, Mens J, Patel VV, Prather H, Sturesson B, Stuge B, Vleeming A. Building a Collaborative Model of Sacroiliac Joint Dysfunction and Pelvic Girdle Pain to Understand the Diverse Perspectives of Experts. PM R. 2019 Aug;11 Suppl 1:S11-S23. doi: 10.1002/pmrj.12199. Epub 2019 Jul 23. PMID: 31169360.
Use of Manual Therapy for Posterior Pelvic Girdle Pain
Miles D, Bishop M. Use of Manual Therapy for Posterior Pelvic Girdle Pain. PM R. 2019 Aug;11 Suppl 1:S93-S97. doi: 10.1002/pmrj.12172. Epub 2019 Jun 26. PMID: 31020812.
Hip Radiograph Findings in Patients Aged 40 Years and Under with Posterior Pelvic Pain
Prather H, Decker G, Bonnette M, Simpson S, Hunt D, Sahrmann S, Cheng A, Nepple J. Hip Radiograph Findings in Patients Aged 40 Years and Under with Posterior Pelvic Pain. PM R. 2019 Aug;11 Suppl 1:S46-S53. doi: 10.1002/pmrj.12180. Epub 2019 Jul 25. PMID: 31059595.
Links between the Hip and the Lumbar Spine (Hip Spine Syndrome) as they Relate to Clinical Decision Making for Patients with Lumbopelvic Pain
Prather H, van Dillen L. Links between the Hip and the Lumbar Spine (Hip Spine Syndrome) as they Relate to Clinical Decision Making for Patients with Lumbopelvic Pain. PM R. 2019 Aug;11 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S64-S72. doi: 10.1002/pmrj.12187. Epub 2019 Jul 26. PMID: 31074168; PMCID: PMC12005091.
Piriformis Syndrome: A Narrative Review of the Anatomy, Diagnosis, and Treatment
Probst D, Stout A, Hunt D. Piriformis Syndrome: A Narrative Review of the Anatomy, Diagnosis, and Treatment. PM R. 2019 Aug;11 Suppl 1:S54-S63. doi: 10.1002/pmrj.12189. Epub 2019 Jul 22. PMID: 31102324.
Challenges in Diagnosing Sacroiliac Joint Pain: A Narrative Review
Schneider BJ, Rosati R, Zheng P, McCormick ZL. Challenges in Diagnosing Sacroiliac Joint Pain: A Narrative Review. PM R. 2019 Aug;11 Suppl 1:S40-S45. doi: 10.1002/pmrj.12175. Epub 2019 Jul 3. PMID: 31020770.
Form and Force Closure of the Sacroiliac Joints
Vleeming A, Schuenke M. Form and Force Closure of the Sacroiliac Joints. PM R. 2019 Aug;11 Suppl 1:S24-S31. doi: 10.1002/pmrj.12205. Epub 2019 Jul 22. PMID: 31218826.
Additional References
Please Note: Questions are based journal articles provide a Commentary after you select your response, which includes the justification for the correct response and summarizes the relevant information from any book or non-open access citation.
McCormick ZL, Hurley RW, Anitescu M, Bhaskar A, Bhatia A, Cassidy RC, Chen AS, Dawson TC, De Andrés Ares J, de Campos JL, Hayek SM, Hernández-Porras BC, Kissoon NR, Kohan LR, Elgueta Le Beuffe MF, Moon JY, Provenzano DA, Reece DE, Schuster NM, Smith CC, Stout A, Szadek K, Thomas DA, Tontisirin N, Vagg MF, Van Zundert J, Woodbury A, Cohen SP. Consensus practice guidelines on sacroiliac joint complex pain from a multispecialty, international working group. Pain Med. 2025 Dec 1;26(12):817-917. doi: 10.1093/pm/pnaf129. PMID: 41318933; PMCID: PMC12681192.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12681192/
Aldabe D, Lawrenson P, Sullivan J, Hyland G, Bussey MD, Hammer N, Bryant K, Woodley SJ. Management of women with pregnancy-related pelvic girdle pain: an international Delphi study. Physiotherapy. 2022 Jun;115:66-84. doi: 10.1016/j.physio.2021.09.002. Epub 2021 Sep 22. PMID: 35202976.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35202976/
Beales D, Slater H, Palsson T, O'Sullivan P. Understanding and managing pelvic girdle pain from a person-centred biopsychosocial perspective. Musculoskelet Sci Pract. 2020;48:102152. doi:10.1016/j.msksp.2020.102152
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32560860/
Le HV, Shahzad H, Klineberg E, Heckmann N, Lum ZC. Hip Spine Syndrome: Management of Patients With Concurrent Hip and Spine Degenerative Pathologies. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2026 Feb 1;34(3):e315-e323. doi: 10.5435/JAAOS-D-25-00271. Epub 2025 Jul 25. PMID: 41549862.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41549862/
Rizzo RRN, Cashin AG, Wand BM, Ferraro MC, Sharma S, Lee H, O'Hagan E, Maher CG, Furlan AD, van Tulder MW, McAuley JH. Non‐pharmacological and non‐surgical treatments for low back pain in adults: an overview of Cochrane reviews. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2025, Issue 3. Art. No.: CD014691. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD014691.pub2. Accessed 01 June 2026.
Sayed D, Deer TR, Tieppo Francio V, et al. American Society of Pain and Neuroscience Best Practice (ASPN) Guideline for the Treatment of Sacroiliac Disorders. J Pain Res. 2024;17:1601-1638. Published 2024 May 3. doi:10.2147/JPR.S464393
Toyohara R, Kaneuji A, Takano N, Kurosawa D, Hammer N, Ohashi T. A patient-cohort study of numerical analysis on sacroiliac joint stress distribution in pre- and post-operative hip dysplasia. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):14500. Published 2022 Aug 25. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-18752-1
Vesting S, Gutke A, de Baets L. Educating women to prevent and treat low back and pelvic girdle pain during and after pregnancy: a systematized narrative review. Ann Med. 2025;57(1):2476046. doi:10.1080/07853890.2025.2476046
Xu Z, Huang Z, Zhang Z, Feng Z, Yan Y, Zhu Q, Li Y. Effects of manipulations of oblique pulling on the biomechanics of the sacroiliac joint: a cadaveric study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2023 Jan 23;24(1):55. doi: 10.1186/s12891-023-06175-6. PMID: 36683034; PMCID: PMC9869564.
Xu Z, Li Y, Zhang S, Liao L, Wu K, Feng Z, Li D. A finite element analysis of sacroiliac joint displacements and ligament strains in response to three manipulations. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2020 Oct 28;21(1):709. doi: 10.1186/s12891-020-03735-y. PMID: 33115467; PMCID: PMC7594473.