This self-assessment has 23 questions and requires a minimum passing score of 70% to claim CME. You will have unlimited attempts to achieve a passing score.
This learning activity meets the self-assessment criteria of the Part II: Life-long Learning and Self-Assessment component as part of the ABPM&R's Continuing Certification.
Learning Objectives
After completing this enduring material, the participant should be able to:
- Recognize appropriate clinical management strategies and apply these techniques and knowledge into their practice.
- Assess the current state of their knowledge specific to the activity topic and identify knowledge gaps in which additional study is needed.
- Develop a strategy to closing the identified knowledge gaps using resources provided as references within the activity.
Accreditation Statement
The American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (AAPM&R) is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME) to provide continuing medical education for physicians.
CME Credit Designation
The American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (AAPM&R) designates this enduring material for a maximum of 8 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™. Physicians should claim only the credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity.
Disclosure Statement
In accordance with ACCME’s Standards for Integrity and Independence in Accredited Continuing Education, AAPM&R requires all individuals who are in a position to affect the strategic direction of AAPM&R and/or control the content of an educational activity to disclose all financial relationships with any ineligible company within the last 24 months. The ACCME defines an “ineligible company” as any entity whose primary business is producing, marketing, selling, re-selling, or distributing healthcare products used by or on patients.
Disclosures are made in written form prior to the start of the educational activity, and any potential conflicts of interest that exist are mitigated prior to the start of the activity through AAPM&R’s Conflict of Interest Disclosure and Resolution Policy Process. Individuals in a position to affect the strategic direction of AAPM&R and/or control content and their disclosed financial relationships are listed below.
No other planners, faculty, or individuals in control of content disclosed any relevant financial relationships.
Principle Faculty
Self-Assessment Committee
Sarah M. Eickmeyer, MD: Disclosed no relevant financial relationships.
Nicholas W. Freedman, DO: Disclosed no relevant financial relationships.
Pierre Galea, MD: Disclosed no relevant financial relationships.
Daniel A. Goodman, MD: Disclosed no relevant financial relationships.
Marika Lazo Greiff, MD: Disclosed no relevant financial relationships.
Kimberly C. Hartman, MD: Disclosed no relevant financial relationships.
Donna S. Huang, MD: Disclosed no relevant financial relationships.
Didem Inanoglu, MD: Is a part-time life care planner and provides expert testimony for PLCP
Susan J. Kim, DO: Disclosed no relevant financial relationships.
Chaitanya R. Konda, DO: Disclosed no relevant financial relationships.
Sri Ranjini Muthukrishnan, MD: Disclosed no relevant financial relationships.
Andrew J. Patton, DO: Disclosed no relevant financial relationships.
Nicole L. Pontee, MD, MS: Disclosed no relevant financial relationships.
Anjum Sayyad, MD: Disclosed no relevant financial relationships.
Amanda Wise, DO: Disclosed no relevant financial relationships.
MEC Disclosures
Rachel A. Brakke Holman, MD, Chair: Nothing to Disclose
Sarah M. Eickmeyer, MD: Nothing to Disclose
Chelsea D. Frost, MD, MS: Nothing to Disclose
David J. Haustein, MD, MBA: PM Consulting, Expert Medical Consulting: Ownership or Partnership; Greene County Medical Society Executive Council, Missouri State Medical Foundation Board: Non-remunerative Positions of Influence
Sarah K. Hwang, MD: Nothing to Disclose
Ravi E. Kasi, MD: Nothing to Disclose
Caroline Pupke, DO: Nothing to Disclose
Monica E. Rho, MD: Nothing to Disclose
McCasey R. Smith, MD: Nothing to Disclose
Jennifer A. Soo Hoo, MD: Nothing to Disclose
Brionn K. Tonkin, MD: Nothing to Disclose
Stephanie Tow, MD: Nothing to Disclose
Justin L. Weppner, DO: Nothing to Disclose
Alexandra G. Wolfe, DO: Nothing to Disclose
Content Reviewers
Luis J. Soliz, MD, FAAPMR, CAQ-SM: Nothing to Disclose
Peter C. Yeh, MD: Nothing to Disclose
Use of Platelet-Rich Plasma in Intra-Articular Knee Injections for Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review.
Systemic Absorption and Side Effects of Locally Injected Glucocorticoids
Stout A, Friedly J, Standaert CJ. Systemic Absorption and Side Effects of Locally Injected Glucocorticoids. PM&R 2019 Apr; 11(4):409-419. doi: 10.1002/pmrj.12042. Epub 2019 Mar 29.
Please Note: Most questions are based on open access citations. All questions provide a Commentary after you select your response, which includes the justification for the correct response and summarizes the relevant information from any book or non-open access citation. References were open access at the time of publication of this product.
Abd-Elsayed A, Hughes M, Narel E, Loebertman MD. The Efficacy of Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management in Patients with Pre-Existing Hardware at the Site of Ablation. Pain Ther. 2020 Dec;9(2):709-716. doi: 10.1007/s40122-020-00201-4. Epub 2020 Oct 8. PMID: 33034012; PMCID: PMC7648770.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7648770/
Hunter CW, Deer TR, Jones MR, Chang Chien GC, D'Souza RS, Davis T, Eldon ER, Esposito MF, Goree JH, Hewan-Lowe L, Maloney JA, Mazzola AJ, Michels JS, Layno-Moses A, Patel S, Tari J, Weisbein JS, Goulding KA, Chhabra A, Hassebrock J, Wie C, Beall D, Sayed D, Strand N. Consensus Guidelines on Interventional Therapies for Knee Pain (STEP Guidelines) from the American Society of Pain and Neuroscience. J Pain Res. 2022 Sep 8;15:2683-2745. doi: 10.2147/JPR.S370469. PMID: 36132996; PMCID: PMC9484571.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9484571/
Deer TR, Pope JE, Hanes MC, McDowell GC. Intrathecal Therapy for Chronic Pain: A Review of Morphine and Ziconotide as Firstline Options. Pain Med. 2019 Apr 1;20(4):784-798. doi: 10.1093/pm/pny132.
https://academic.oup.com/painmedicine/article/20/4/784/5078133
Dones I, Levi V. Spinal Cord Stimulation for Neuropathic Pain: Current Trends and Future Applications. Brain Sci. 2018;8(8):138. Published 2018 Jul 24. doi:10.3390/brainsci8080138
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6119923/
Ellwood S, Shupper P, Kaufman A. A Retrospective Review of Spinal Radiofrequency Neurotomy Procedures in Patients with Metallic Posterior Spinal Instrumentation – Is it Safe? Pain Physician 2018 Sep; 21(5):E477-E482.
https://www.painphysicianjournal.com/linkout?issn=&page=E477&vol=21
Erdem Y, Sir E. The Efficacy of Ultrasound-Guided Pulsed Radiofrequency of Genicular Nerves in the Treatment of Chronic Knee Pain Due to Severe Degenerative Disease or Previous Total Knee Arthroplasty. Med Sci Monit. 2019;25:1857-1863. Published 2019 Mar 12. doi:10.12659/MSM.915359
Iannoccone D, Dixon S, Kaufman A. A review of long-term pain relief after genicular nerve radiofrequency ablation in chronic knee osteoarthritis. Pain Physician 2017; 20: E437-444.
https://www.painphysicianjournal.com/linkout?issn=&page=E437&vol=20
Jitsinthunun T, Li C, Ng TK, Zinboonyahgoon N. Pulsed Radiofrequency Treatment: Evidence for and Applications in Chronic Pain. Pain Physician. 2025;28(6):467-481.
https://www.painphysicianjournal.com/linkout?issn=&page=467&vol=28
Kapural L, Sayed D, Kim B, Harstroem C, Deering J. Retrospective Assessment of Salvage to 10 kHz Spinal Cord Stimulation (SCS) in Patients Who Failed Traditional SCS Therapy: RESCUE Study. J Pain Res. 2020 Nov 10;13:2861-2867. doi: 10.2147/JPR.S281749. PMID: 33204147; PMCID: PMC7667504.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7667504/
Kapural L, Yu C, Doust MW, et al. Novel 10-kHz High-frequency Therapy (HF10 Therapy) Is Superior to Traditional Low-frequency Spinal Cord Stimulation for the Treatment of Chronic Back and Leg Pain: The SENZA-RCT Randomized Controlled Trial. Anesthesiology. 2015;123(4):851-860. doi:10.1097/ALN.0000000000000774
https://journals.lww.com/anesthesiology/fulltext/2015/10000/novel_10_khz_high_frequency_therapy__hf10_therapy_.24.aspx
Kidd VD, Strum SR, Strum DS, Shah J. Genicular Nerve Radiofrequency Ablation for Painful Knee Arthritis: The Why and the How. JBJS Essent Surg Tech. 2019;9(1):e10. Published 2019 Mar 13. doi:10.2106/JBJS.ST.18.00016
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6635137/
Abd-Elsayed A, Hughes M, Narel E, Loebertman MD. The Efficacy of Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management in Patients with Pre-Existing Hardware at the Site of Ablation. Pain Ther. 2020;9(2):709-716. doi:10.1007/s40122-020-00201-4
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7648770/
Verrills P, Sinclair C, Barnard A. A review of spinal cord stimulation systems for chronic pain. J Pain Res. 2016;9:481-492. Published 2016 Jul 1. doi:10.2147/JPR.S108884
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4938148/
Wahezi SE, Yener U, Naeimi T, Lewis JB, Yerra S, Sgobba P, Ciftci HB, Vydyanathan A, Chiu E, Cherkalin D, Darji JY, Masterson R, Lee D, Jarusriwanna A, Palee S, Ortiz NR, Caparo M, Dayon E, Fontaine C, Bikson M, Schatman ME, Pritzlaff SG, Deer TR, Hunter CW. Spinal Cord Stimulation Explantation and Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review and Technology Recommendations. J Pain Res. 2025 Mar 18;18:1327-1340. doi: 10.2147/JPR.S514732. PMID: 40124536; PMCID: PMC11929510.
https://www.dovepress.com/spinal-cord-stimulation-explantation-and-chronic-pain-a-systematic-rev-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-JPR
Deer TR, Hayek SM, Grider JS, et al. The Polyanalgesic Consensus Conference (PACC)®: Updates on Clinical Pharmacology and Comorbidity Management in Intrathecal Drug Delivery for Cancer Pain. Neuromodulation. 2025;28(7):1029-1053. doi:10.1016/j.neurom.2024.08.006
Gupta A, et al. Comparative Effectiveness Reiew of Cooled Versus Pulsed Radiofrequency Ablation for the Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review. Pain Physician 2017; 20:155-171.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28339430/
Harrison C, Epton S, Bojanic S, et. al. The Efficacy and Safety of Dorsal Root Ganglion Stimulation as a Treatment for Neuropathic Pain: A Literature Review. Neuromodulation. 2018 Apr;21(3):225-233. doi: 10.1111/ner.12685. Epub 2017 Sep 28.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28960653/
Rathmell JP, Benzon HT, Dreyfuss P, et al. Safeguards to prevent neurologic complications after epidural steroid injections: consensus opinions from a multidisciplinary working group and national organizations. Anesthesiology. 2015;122(5):974-984. doi:10.1097/ALN.0000000000000614
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25668411/